Simple question: why do people find the concept of a fallacious appeal to authority difficult to grasp? Not long ago I would have been tempted to say that the biggest problem with internet discourse is applying it inappropriately to situations where expertise is of real value (the natural sciences is the obvious case). More recently, though, it seems that people are utterly clueless about the fact that there is sometimes a problem with claims along the lines of “so and so said such and such, therefore it’s obviously true.”
I saw some good examples of this prompted by some online material by theologian John Haught attacking recent prominent religion critics, mainly this book excerpt in the Christian century. I think I first really encountered it in Jason Rosenhouse posts titled Haught on Science and Faith and Amature Atheists, then saw more from Adam Lee: On “Amature” Atheism and Further Thoughts on John Haught.
It became pretty quickly obvious that Haught’s material was exactly the sort of thing which I’ve come to find so boring: his first criticism of Dawkins et. al. seems to rest on the fact that after taking an entire class where students were mainly exposed to Haught’s views, the students came out sharing Haught’s views. Then there is the essay’s most prominent feature, constant trumpeting of Nietzsche, Sartre, and Camus as proof that atheism leads to nihilism. Pure appeal to authority. Haught then begins to act as if he has an argument, saying that if atheists are to be logically consistent, they must follow the lead of Nietzsche et. al. In these passages, I could not help but wonder if he actually understands what the words “logic,” “consistent,” and even “atheism” actually mean. Logic involves some quite well-defined ideas about when one claim follows from some others and when the claim does not follow, ideas which are no where in evidence in Haught’s writing. To say something is not consistent is to say there is some contradiction, but there is no explicit contradiction between, say, “theism is false” and “nihilism is false,” and Haught makes no attempt to produce plausible principles which produce an implicit contradiction. Finally, he sometimes acts as if atheism means not “disbelief in God,” but is a name for an elaborate philosophical system with positions on many topics. In the end, Haught appears to be left holding nothing but an appeal to authority.
Let’s review why this is problematic: in philosophy as usually conceived, there is no vast array of empirical evidence which no layperson can review, but which can be known via testimony of those who do have the time. Philosophical arguments are the sort of thing that can be explained to anyone with a little effort. Unlike mathematical arguments, philosophical ones rarely yield conclusions acceptable to all philosophers, and even when they do so temporarily the balance may be upset a couple decades later.
In spite of all this, not only does Haught barrel along with his appeals to authority, at Christian CADRE we get the spectacle of JD Walters accusing atheists of dishonesty for not accepting Haught’s claims, making a sort of second-order appeal to authority. (Later, Walters wrote a reply to Adam Lee insisting, on I know not what grounds, that Haught’s appeals to authority constituted an argument.)
In all this, though, I’ve not yet mentioned the most distressing use of authority (or approval of it’s use, technically). The following is from Lee’s first post on this subject:
Before I say anything more, I want to acknowledge that John Haught is not the real enemy. He testified for the side of the plaintiffs in the Kitzmiller v. Dover intelligent design trial, for instance, arguing that religious faith is compatible with scientific inquiry and that ID is pseudoscience. I’m appreciative of his service on this issue.
Why on Earth should we think a theologian qualified to give testimony, settling a philosophical dispute so conclusively as to allow it to be the basis for a legal ruling? Just because such tactics win us a court case doesn’t make them right. Some in the atheist community, I think, take these court cases far too seriously, to the point that they’re willing to win at all cost.