OK, everybody, this one’s long, but there was stuff I just didn’t want to cut out!
The Story Thus Far: In 1095 – 1096, three major unexpectedly massive movements answered Pope Urban II’s call to the First Crusade: the People’s/Peasants’/Paupers’, German, and Princes’/Barons’ Crusades (the graphic depicts four major figures of this army from left to right: Godfrey of Bouillon, Raymond of Toulouse, Bohemund of Taranto, and Tancred Bohemund’s nephew; see “Get the Hell Out of My Holy Land!” Part 1).
After Alex I had deployed fanatical monk Peter the Hermit’s mostly peasant People’s Crusade to Asia Minor, the Islamic Seljuq Turks picked it apart – not before the crusaders got them some looting and pillaging in first (people whispered that they had impaled babies on their lances in some towns). At Civetot, only about 3,000 Christians survived by holing up in an abandoned castle; the Seljuqs slaughtered men, women, and children except for those “young boys and girls whose appearance pleased” them. Draw your own conclusions as to their fates…
The Hermit himself had already scooted back to Constantinople, where he joined the official crusader army, the Princes’ Crusade; always one to land on his feet, he got put in charge of the troops that consisted mostly of commoners.
The German Crusade led by Emich, Volkmar, and Gottschalk massacred most of the Jews they encountered in their path; even the Church proved unable to stop them. In Worms, the crusaders broke into the bishop’s home and butchered close to 500 Jewish townspeople to whom he had given refuge. At Mainz, they killed all the Jews (approximately 1,000) who refused to convert despite having accepted gold in return for sparing them. Some Jewish citizens of Cologne drowned themselves in the river at the Crusade’s approach rather than face forced conversion or slaughter.
Rabbi Kalonymos and 50 Jews managed to flee Mainz for nearby Rudesheim, where they showed up at the archbishop’s door begging for sanctuary. Seeing an opportunity, the Church leader tried to convert them to Christianity, which proved more than Kalonymos could take; he attacked the clergyman with a knife. Ultimately, he and his people fell prey to the crusaders despite all their attempts to save themselves.
This Crusade fortunately split up shortly after entering Hungary. Runciman says in true British form, “The Hungarians would not permit such behavior (page 140);” they trounced the crusaders badly enough to break them up for good.
As for the Princes’ Crusade: after much political infighting, actual battling, marching through the harsh Asian summer, and suffering from disease, dehydration, and starvation, it had reached Muslim-held Antioch, traditionally considered the first “Christian” city, in October of 1097. After a long, grueling siege, the crusaders finally entered Antioch and massacred most of the inhabitants including some Christians, notwithstanding the fact that many of them had helped kill the Islamic garrison – only to discover their siege had left the city almost bereft of provisions.
Ambitious Bohemund harbored specific plans to turn Antioch into the capital of his own crusader kingdom – and to give the guy credit, he had engineered their victory through bribery. Of the other barons, Raymond (the leader even Unitary Moonbat of DailyKoS admits most qualifies as the “good guy” in the story; the lack of emphasis on his figure in the graphic shows how retellings of the Crusade tended to diminish his importance, but as I mentioned in Part 1, he was far more significant than depicted) had definitely cottoned on to his intentions, but a far more dangerous development now threatened their tenuous position: the approach of the huge army of the dread Turk Kerbogha, Atabeg of Mosul.
They had surmounted many obstacles to get this close to the Holy Land, beginning with their leaders’ compelled pledge of allegiance to Alex I, which Ray had gotten out of by instead forging an alliance with the Byzantine ruler against their mutual rival Bohemund. However, at the “Battle” of Nicaea, the Emperor had made it clear he had his own priorities over the crusade, leaving them pretty much on their own on the road to Jerusalem. Despite the willingness of some villages to provision them, the men often looted and pillaged anyway, and one of the Princes, Baldwin of Boulogne, struck out on his own to end up establishing the first crusader kingdom in Armenian Edessa.
Low morale now led to desertion. The same Peter the Hermit who led the People’s Crusade into disaster and joined the princes in Constantinople now got caught trying to run away. Because of his popularity with the troops, the barons kept his attempted escape under wraps, but it damaged his standing with them. Even one of their own number, Stephen of Blois, took to the road out of the city with most of his troops; encountering Alex I on the way back to Europe, and assuming the Turks had killed off the crusaders, he was instrumental in the Byzantine Emperor’s turning back instead of continuing on to assist at Antioch – a “betrayal” for which the barons never forgave Alex.
Steve probably shouldn’t have bothered leaving; instead of greeting him with open arms, his wife Adela of Normandy nagged him into going right back out on the very next Crusade of 1101. Why he expected anything different I don’t know; she had nagged him into going on the first one as well. Imho, as daughter of William the Conqueror of England, she probably would have made a much better crusader than he did; most historians agree that she seemed to have worn the pants in that marriage.
Suddenly a peasant monk who had been having visions, Peter Bartholomew, burst on the scene brandishing a dirty piece of metal he claimed was a spear point. He had found the Holy Lance that had pierced Jesus’ side as He hung on the cross, just as he had dreamed it. This was the sign that they would succeed against Kerbogha!
The papal legate Adhemar of Le Puy and several other Princes (like Bohemund) greeted his announcement with skepticism. The men had been digging in vain for the sacred spear since Bart first let everyone know about his “vision,” so his finding it so easily by himself seemed, well, frankly too convenient.
On the other hand Ray, a veteran of the Spanish Reconquista and by all accounts a pretty religious guy himself (hey, the pope’s representative was part of his entourage), believed the guy’s story and most importantly, so did the regular men-at-arms. Even the skeptics in the group now recognized the alleged Lance’s value as a rallying point for their flagging forces. Despite their hunger, they even went for Bart’s “revelation” that victory would be theirs if they fasted for five days before riding out to meet their foe.
On June 28, 1098 CE, in a frenzied battle outside the city walls, the crusaders defeated Kerbogha, whose army had not quite coincidentally disorganized and fractured due to political infighting (it has been suggested that Bart may have known about this and timed his visions accordingly; at any rate, his ultimate fate dying from burns inflicted by a walk through fire to prove he had True Visions (TM) was not an enviable one!).
From his sickbed (he fell very ill about this time), Ray commanded the 200 men guarding the fortress/citadel on the hill overlooking Antioch, still held until that moment in time by Kerbogha crony Ahmed Ibn Merwan, who later personally and very suspiciously “surrendered” the fortress to Bohemund instead of Ray.
Bohemund eventually got what he wanted and became first Prince of Antioch. He had already conveniently found a good excuse to invalidate his pledge of allegiance to the Byzantines.
And at the start of 1099, Ray and the others got back to business – and headed for Jerusalem.
Next: “Get the Hell Out of My Holy Land!” Part 3
Sources: A History of the Crusades – Volume 1: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, Steven Runciman, 1964 Harper & Row, New York, NY.